Japanese Spitz: The Loyal, Fluffy Family Companion
The Japanese Spitz is a small to medium-sized companion breed known for its bright white coat, fox-like expression, and cheerful personality. Originally developed in Japan as a family companion and watchdog, the Japanese Spitz combines intelligence and alertness with an affectionate and highly social temperament that makes it an excellent household companion. These lively and eager-to-please dogs thrive with owners who can provide regular interaction, moderate exercise, and positive training, as they enjoy staying closely involved in daily family life. Japanese Spitz dogs are typically friendly, adaptable, and good with children and other pets when properly socialized from an early age, while their alert nature also makes them dependable watchdogs. With their fluffy coat, expressive face, and happy disposition, the Japanese Spitz is a wonderful choice for families or individuals seeking a loving and entertaining companion dog.
⭐ 3 Things You May Not Know About the Japanese Spitz
- The Japanese Spitz is known for its bright white coat, which naturally resists dirt surprisingly well despite its fluffy appearance.
- The breed was developed in Japan during the 20th century using several white spitz-type breeds imported from Europe and other regions.
- Japanese Spitz dogs are often described as having a “smiling” expression because of their cheerful personality and alert facial features.
Overview
- AKC Group: Non-Sporting Group
- Size: Small to Medium
- Height: 10–16 inches
- Weight: 10–25 pounds
- Lifespan: 12–16 years
- Coat: Thick, double coat (white)
- Shedding: Moderate (seasonal)
- Temperament: Loyal, intelligent, affectionate, alert
🐾 Quick Facts About the Japanese Spitz
- Energy Level: Moderate — Japanese Spitz dogs enjoy playtime, walks, and family activity but are generally adaptable indoors.
- Grooming Needs: Moderate — Their thick double coat requires regular brushing, especially during seasonal shedding periods.
- Good With Kids: Yes — Japanese Spitz dogs are typically affectionate, playful, and friendly with families and children.
- Trainability: High — Intelligent and eager to please, they respond very well to positive reinforcement training.
- Barking Level: Moderate — Japanese Spitz dogs may bark to alert their family but are generally not excessive barkers when properly trained.
History & Origin
The Japanese Spitz originated in Japan during the early 20th century and was developed as a cheerful and adaptable companion dog. The breed descends from various white spitz-type dogs that were imported into Japan from Europe, China, and other regions during the 1920s and 1930s. Japanese breeders carefully refined these dogs to create a compact, elegant spitz breed known for intelligence, beauty, and companionship.
Breeders focused on developing a dog with a thick pure white coat, alert expression, balanced temperament, and strong bond with people. Unlike some larger spitz breeds developed for guarding or herding work, the Japanese Spitz was bred primarily as a family companion while still retaining the alertness and lively personality common among spitz-type dogs.
The breed quickly gained popularity in Japan because of its affectionate nature, adaptability to apartment living, and clean appearance. Its fox-like face, curled tail, erect ears, and fluffy weather-resistant coat reflect its spitz ancestry, while its friendly and social temperament helped distinguish it as an ideal household companion.
During and after World War II, breeders worked to stabilize and preserve the breed, eventually establishing a more consistent appearance and temperament. The Japanese Spitz later gained popularity internationally because of its charming personality, elegant appearance, and suitability for family life.
Modern Japanese Spitz dogs still retain many characteristics shaped by their spitz heritage. Their intelligence, alertness, sociability, and devotion to family reflect generations of selective breeding for companionship and close interaction with people. Beneath the breed’s fluffy white coat and cheerful expression remains a lively and highly adaptable companion dog strongly connected to Japan’s modern canine history.
Physical Characteristics
The Japanese Spitz is a small-to-medium spitz-type companion breed known for its brilliant white coat, fox-like face, fluffy appearance, and cheerful expression. Developed in Japan from various white spitz breeds, the Japanese Spitz combines elegance, intelligence, agility, and affectionate temperament with a clean and striking appearance.
The breed possesses a balanced compact frame with moderate bone structure, deep chest, strong hindquarters, and agile movement designed for coordination and lively activity. The Japanese Spitz should appear elegant, alert, and naturally athletic without becoming fragile or coarse.
One of the breed’s most recognizable features is its thick pure-white double coat. The dense undercoat provides volume and insulation, while the straight outer coat creates the breed’s fluffy cloud-like appearance.
The head is wedge-shaped with a pointed muzzle, dark almond-shaped eyes, and highly expressive fox-like face. The breed’s expression often conveys intelligence, curiosity, and cheerful attentiveness.
The ears are small, triangular, and erect, contributing greatly to the breed’s alert and lively appearance.
The coat is bright white and heavily feathered around the neck, chest, legs, and tail. The thick ruff around the neck gives the breed a particularly elegant and majestic outline.
The tail is heavily plumed and carried curled over the back in classic spitz fashion. Movement should appear light, agile, and highly coordinated with confident lively energy.
The Japanese Spitz’s compact athletic structure allows quick movement and playful agility while still maintaining balance and elegance.
Although fluffy and refined in appearance, the breed remains sturdy and active with surprising endurance and athletic ability.
Overall, the Japanese Spitz projects cheerfulness, elegance, intelligence, and classic companion-spitz character through its brilliant white coat and lively expression.
For a broader comparison of how this breed’s size compares to others, see our Dog Size & Weight Guide.
Temperament & Personality
The Japanese Spitz is known for being affectionate, intelligent, playful, and highly people-oriented. This breed forms strong emotional bonds with its family and thrives on companionship and social interaction.
With family members, Japanese Spitz dogs are typically loving, cheerful, and emotionally connected. Many individuals strongly prefer remaining near their people and actively participating in daily household activities.
The breed is generally outgoing and socially friendly with both familiar people and strangers when properly socialized. Their warm approachable personality contributes greatly to their popularity as companion dogs.
Japanese Spitz dogs are often playful and entertaining while still maintaining a calm affectionate side indoors once exercise needs are met.
The breed is naturally alert and observant, often making an attentive watchdog without excessive aggression or territorial behavior.
Because of their intelligence and sensitivity, Japanese Spitz dogs generally respond best to calm positive interaction and stable household environments. Harsh correction or forceful handling may reduce confidence or create anxiety.
The breed usually coexists very well with children, other dogs, and household pets when properly socialized and supervised.
Japanese Spitz dogs are intelligent and eager to learn, often responding very well to positive reinforcement training and mentally engaging activities.
Because of their deeply social temperament, the breed generally does not tolerate prolonged isolation well. Without enough companionship and stimulation, some individuals may become vocal or develop anxiety-related behaviors.
Many individuals maintain lively playful energy throughout adulthood while still remaining affectionate and adaptable family companions.
In the right home, the Japanese Spitz becomes a joyful, affectionate, emotionally connected companion with lively personality and strong family devotion.
For a broader overview of personality differences between breed groups, visit our Dog Breed Temperament Guide.
Exercise & Training
The Japanese Spitz is a moderately active and intelligent breed that requires regular exercise and mental stimulation to remain physically healthy and emotionally balanced.
Daily walks, indoor play sessions, obedience exercises, agility, interactive games, and mentally engaging activities help satisfy the breed’s physical and emotional needs.
Although smaller than many working spitz breeds, the Japanese Spitz is energetic and playful and benefits greatly from opportunities for movement and interaction.
Training is generally highly rewarding because Japanese Spitz dogs are intelligent, cooperative, and eager to work closely with people.
Positive reinforcement methods using praise, treats, encouragement, and consistency usually produce excellent long-term results. The breed responds best to engaging relationship-based training rather than harsh correction.
Early socialization is important for encouraging confidence around unfamiliar people, sounds, animals, and environments. Positive exposure during puppyhood contributes greatly to stable adaptable adult behavior.
Because of their alert nature and tendency toward vocal communication, early training should include appropriate barking management and impulse control.
The breed often excels in canine sports and activities including agility, obedience, rally, trick training, and therapy work.
Japanese Spitz dogs generally adapt very well to apartment living and smaller homes provided exercise and companionship needs are consistently met.
Although lively and energetic during activity, many individuals settle calmly indoors once physical and emotional needs have been properly satisfied.
For owners seeking an affectionate, trainable companion breed with moderate activity needs and strong social temperament, the Japanese Spitz can become an exceptionally rewarding companion.
Learn more on our Dog Training Page.
Grooming & Coat Care
The Japanese Spitz has moderate grooming requirements due to its dense double coat and seasonal shedding cycles.
The thick double coat should be brushed several times per week using slicker brushes, pin brushes, and undercoat tools to remove loose hair and maintain healthy skin and coat condition.
During seasonal shedding periods, especially in spring and fall, the breed may shed heavily and require more frequent brushing to manage undercoat release effectively.
Despite the breed’s bright white coat, the outer coat naturally repels dirt surprisingly well and often remains cleaner than expected with routine maintenance.
Bathing is generally needed only periodically to maintain coat cleanliness and healthy skin condition. Overbathing should be avoided because it may strip beneficial oils and reduce coat quality.
Routine grooming should also include nail trimming, dental care, ear cleaning, and inspection of the skin and coat for irritation or debris.
Owners should avoid shaving the coat unless medically necessary because the double coat helps regulate body temperature and protect the skin from environmental exposure.
The heavily feathered tail, neck ruff, and leg furnishings require careful brushing to prevent tangles and maintain healthy coat appearance.
Regular grooming sessions also provide valuable opportunities to monitor overall body condition, skin health, and coat quality throughout life.
With proper grooming, exercise, preventive care, and regular maintenance, the Japanese Spitz maintains its beautiful white coat, lively personality, and healthy companion-dog vitality throughout its life.
Learn more on our Dog Grooming Page.
Health Overview
The Japanese Spitz is an intelligent, cheerful, and highly affectionate companion breed known for its fluffy white coat, fox-like expression, and lively personality. Originally developed in Japan as a companion and family dog, the Japanese Spitz is generally considered a healthy and hardy breed, but like many small and medium-sized companion dogs, it can still be prone to several inherited and structural health concerns. Understanding common Japanese Spitz health problems and recommended breeder health testing can help puppy buyers make more informed decisions when selecting a healthy puppy. Because this breed combines active movement, thick double coat, compact structure, and strong attachment to people, maintaining healthy joints, eye health, mobility, dental wellness, and overall body condition is especially important throughout the dog’s life.
Health issues sometimes seen in Japanese Spitz dogs may include patellar luxation, hip dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), cataracts, epilepsy, allergies, and age-related arthritis. Some individuals may also develop dental disease, obesity-related orthopedic stress, luxating joints, skin irritation, or hereditary eye concerns later in life. Because the breed is naturally active and agile, maintaining proper body condition and conditioning is especially important for supporting long-term mobility and orthopedic wellness. While not every Japanese Spitz will develop these conditions, understanding the breed’s health tendencies allows owners to make better long-term decisions regarding breeding, exercise, grooming, nutrition, and preventive veterinary care.
Health Testing & Responsible Breeding
Responsible Japanese Spitz breeders should perform appropriate health screenings before breeding in order to reduce the likelihood of inherited conditions being passed to future generations. Many puppy buyers are encouraged to ask about health testing, but they are often unsure which evaluations are most important for this breed. In the Japanese Spitz, careful attention to orthopedic, eye, dental, and overall structural health is especially valuable.
Buyers should ask whether the sire and dam have completed patella evaluations, ophthalmologist-performed eye examinations, hip evaluations when appropriate, and additional orthopedic testing if recommended within certain bloodlines. Responsible breeders may also discuss mobility, temperament stability, coat quality, longevity, and overall lifespan within their bloodlines. Some breeders may additionally monitor for hereditary neurological or dermatological concerns depending on pedigree history.
Unlike some breeds selected primarily for appearance alone, responsible Japanese Spitz breeding programs often place strong emphasis on healthy movement, stable temperament, and long-term wellness because the breed was developed as a close human companion. Ethical breeders understand that preserving the Japanese Spitz involves much more than maintaining coat beauty or appearance — it also includes protecting healthy function, emotional stability, sensory wellness, and long-term vitality.
Before Japanese Spitz puppies are placed into new homes, they should receive a complete veterinary wellness examination that evaluates the heart, eyes, joints, bite alignment, parasite status, overall structure, and general physical development. Because active companion breeds still place stress on developing joints during growth, proper nutrition and carefully managed exercise during puppyhood are especially important. Puppies should also leave with age-appropriate vaccinations, deworming records, feeding guidance, and recommendations for safe socialization, grooming, and training during development.
A responsible Japanese Spitz breeder should willingly provide documentation of completed health clearances and openly discuss inherited health concerns affecting the breed. Puppy buyers should be cautious of breeders who avoid health discussions, refuse to provide testing information, or claim their dogs are completely free of health problems. Ethical breeding focuses on reducing inherited risk through careful selection, health screening, pedigree knowledge, and lifelong breeder support rather than making unrealistic promises.
Preventive Care & Long-Term Wellness
Maintaining healthy body condition and regular exercise is especially important for the Japanese Spitz because this breed is naturally energetic, playful, and mentally active. Without sufficient physical activity and mental stimulation, some individuals may become vocal, anxious, hyperactive, or emotionally frustrated. Regular exercise helps support cardiovascular fitness, muscle tone, coordination, joint stability, and emotional well-being throughout life.
The Japanese Spitz is also an extremely people-oriented and intelligent breed that benefits from regular mental stimulation and structured interaction. Walks, obedience work, puzzle toys, scent games, agility activities, and interactive play all contribute to emotional balance and long-term wellness.
The breed’s thick white double coat requires regular brushing and grooming maintenance to help manage shedding and maintain healthy skin and coat condition. Grooming sessions also provide an excellent opportunity to monitor for parasites, lumps, skin irritation, coat-quality changes, or developing health concerns.
Because smaller companion breeds may be prone to dental disease over time, regular tooth brushing and routine veterinary dental care are especially important throughout life.
Routine veterinary examinations throughout adulthood and senior years remain important for monitoring mobility, orthopedic wellness, eye condition, hearing, dental health, and overall quality of life. Early detection of developing health concerns often allows for more successful long-term management and improved outcomes.
Lifespan & Senior Japanese Spitz Care
The Japanese Spitz often lives approximately 12 to 16 years when responsibly bred and properly cared for. Senior Japanese Spitz dogs may gradually develop arthritis, reduced stamina, hearing decline, vision changes, dental disease, muscle loss, or decreased mobility as they age. Some older dogs may also become more prone to orthopedic stiffness or sensory decline during the senior years.
As Japanese Spitz dogs enter their senior years, many owners focus on maintaining moderate low-impact exercise, healthy weight management, supportive bedding, dental care, joint support, continued mental stimulation, and routine wellness monitoring. Because the breed often remains emotionally connected and playful throughout life, continued companionship and interaction remain especially important even during old age.
With attentive care, preventive veterinary support, responsible breeding, and a healthy lifestyle, many Japanese Spitz dogs continue to thrive as cheerful, affectionate, and highly devoted companions throughout their lives.
Is the Japanese Spitz Dog Breed Right for You?
The Japanese Spitz is an intelligent, affectionate, and highly social companion breed known for its cheerful personality, fluffy white coat, and strong bond with its family. Originally developed as a companion dog, the Japanese Spitz thrives when given companionship, exercise, structure, and close interaction with its people.
While loving and adaptable, the Japanese Spitz is not the ideal fit for every household. Here’s a quick overview to help you decide:
✔ Ideal for:
- Families seeking an affectionate and interactive companion dog
- Owners able to provide companionship and regular engagement
- People comfortable with grooming and coat maintenance
- Homes looking for a lively and adaptable family dog
- Owners interested in obedience, tricks, or canine activities
❌ Not Ideal for:
- People unable to provide companionship and interaction
- Homes where the dog will frequently be isolated or inactive
- Owners seeking a highly independent or low-energy dog
- People unprepared for grooming and shedding maintenance
- Homes unwilling to manage barking tendencies and training needs
Where to Find a Japanese Spitz
If you’re interested in bringing a dog of this breed into your home, consider adopting from a rescue organization or finding a reputable breeder.
Find a Reliable Rescue:
Read our page about how to adopt from a reliable dog rescue.
Find reliable rescues through our Dog Rescue Directory.
Find a Responsible Breeder:
Read our information page about buying a healthy puppy from a responsible breeder.
Find responsible breeders through our Dog Breeders Directory.
Puppy Considerations
Japanese Spitz puppies are playful, affectionate, and highly people-oriented from an early age. Early socialization and positive reinforcement training are important to help puppies develop confidence, emotional stability, and appropriate behavior.
Because these puppies mature into active and emotionally connected companion dogs, early structure and healthy social experiences are especially important. Their curiosity, intelligence, and attachment to people often become obvious very early in development.
Puppies benefit from:
- Early socialization with people, dogs, sounds, and environments
- Positive reinforcement training and structured routines
- Daily exercise and mentally stimulating activities
- Confidence-building exercises and interactive play
- Regular grooming handling and dental-care routines
Because Japanese Spitz puppies are emotionally sensitive and highly social, calm guidance and consistent interaction are especially important during development.
Living With a Japanese Spitz
Living with a Japanese Spitz is often rewarding for owners who appreciate affectionate, lively, and highly interactive companion dogs. These dogs generally form strong bonds with their families and often enjoy participating in everyday household activities.
The Japanese Spitz requires regular physical exercise and mental stimulation to remain healthy and emotionally balanced. Many enjoy walks, puzzle toys, obedience work, agility games, and interactive play with their families.
This breed generally does best in homes where it receives companionship, structure, training, and opportunities to stay mentally occupied. Without enough engagement or interaction, boredom may lead to excessive barking, anxiety, clingy behavior, or emotional frustration.
Although affectionate and social with family members, Japanese Spitz dogs may naturally be somewhat alert and vocal around unfamiliar people or sounds. Early socialization and responsible ownership are important for helping the breed develop into a confident and stable adult.
Feeding a balanced, high-quality diet and maintaining a healthy weight are important for supporting mobility, muscle condition, orthopedic wellness, dental health, and overall quality of life. Routine veterinary care, exercise, training, grooming, and companionship all contribute to helping the breed thrive.
Final Thoughts…
The Japanese Spitz is an affectionate, intelligent, and deeply loyal companion breed that thrives with owners who appreciate lively interaction and close emotional connection. Their cheerful personality, adaptability, and devotion make them wonderful companions in the right homes.
With proper exercise, preventive care, socialization, training, grooming, dental care, and companionship, the Japanese Spitz can become a deeply rewarding and highly devoted lifelong companion.
Are you considering adding a Japanese Spitz to your family?
🐕 Related Breeds You Might Like
American Eskimo Dog
The American Eskimo Dog is a fluffy, intelligent companion with a striking white coat and strong trainability, often excelling in obedience and agility.
Samoyed
The Samoyed is a larger, highly social spitz breed known for its thick coat, famous “smile,” and friendly, outgoing personality.
Pomeranian
The Pomeranian is a small, lively spitz-type dog with a bold personality and fluffy coat, making it a great choice for those who love compact but energetic companions.
JAPANESE SPITZ FAQs:
How long do Japanese Spitz live?
Japanese Spitz dogs typically live between 12 and 16 years.
What is the Japanese Spitz temperament like?
Japanese Spitz are loyal, affectionate, intelligent, and friendly dogs that bond closely with their families.
Are Japanese Spitz good family dogs?
Yes, Japanese Spitz are excellent family dogs known for their gentle and adaptable nature.
Do Japanese Spitz shed a lot?
Japanese Spitz shed moderately, especially during seasonal coat changes.
Are Japanese Spitz easy to train?
Yes, Japanese Spitz are intelligent and eager to please, making them relatively easy to train.
🐾 Lisa’s Picks for Japanese Spitz
As someone who has worked with dogs for over 50 years—including more than 20 years helping with housebreaking and everyday care—I’m often asked for product recommendations. I’ve found that a few simple items can make a big difference in a dog’s comfort and daily routine.
If you have a Japanese Spitz or are planning to bring one into your home, these products and tips can help support your journey together.
🛏️ 1. Dog Beds
👉 My Tip: Waterproof Bed Protection (My Personal Favorite Trick)
One thing I personally do is use twin-size waterproof mattress covers over larger dog beds. They’re easy to wash, protect the bed beneath, and save money long-term—especially helpful for puppies, seniors, or heavy shedders. You can find different colors and patterns that fit your decor.
For tiny dog beds, you can use waterproof pillow covers that fit over the beds to protect them and save money long-term.
I use the same idea around the house, too. Washable, waterproof couch covers are a simple way to protect furniture from dirt, shedding, and accidents—especially helpful with puppies, seniors, or dogs that love the couch.
* Orthopedic Foam Dog Beds:
A high-quality orthopedic bed is one of the best investments you can make for your dog. I recommend these for every breed, once they are out of the chewing stage, especially as they age. They provide joint support, improve comfort, and help dogs truly rest.
* Tough Dog Beds for Dogs That Chew:
If your dog tends to chew or destroy their bedding, a standard plush bed may not last long. In these cases, I recommend tough, chew-resistant dog beds made with reinforced materials.
These are designed to hold up better against digging, scratching, and chewing, and can save you from constantly replacing beds. While no bed is completely indestructible, choosing a more durable option can make a big difference.
* Puppies need Simple Washable Bedding:
For young puppies that are still learning house training, I often suggest starting with simple, washable blankets instead of an expensive dog bed.
Thick towels, fleece throws, or washable pads work very well during this stage. They’re easy to clean, quick to replace, and help protect your main dog beds until your puppy is more reliable. Once house training is more consistent, you can transition to a more permanent, supportive bed.
✂️ 2. Proper Grooming Tools for the Japanese Spitz Coat
Japanese Spitz dogs have a thick, fluffy double coat with a soft undercoat and a longer outer coat, so using the right grooming tools makes a big difference.
A pin brush works well for regular brushing to remove loose hair and keep the coat free of tangles, while an undercoat rake helps remove loose undercoat—especially during seasonal shedding. A metal comb is useful for detail work around the ears, tail, legs, and feathered areas where mats can develop.
Japanese Spitz dogs shed heavily during seasonal coat changes (“blowing coat”), and more frequent brushing during these times helps reduce loose hair and keep the coat healthy and manageable. Despite their fluffy appearance, the coat is relatively dirt-resistant and often stays surprisingly clean with regular maintenance.
Regular brushing:
- Helps prevent mats
- Reduces shedding
- Keeps the coat healthy and fluffy
🦴 3. Treats (Great for All Dogs)
- Jerky Treats for Dogs: Almost all dogs love soft, easy-to-break NATURAL jerky treats. They’re perfect for rewarding good behavior without overfeeding. Soft jerky treats provide protein and are easy to chew.
- Tiny Treats for Small Dogs
For small dogs, I recommend using very tiny, NATURAL training treats that are soft and easy to chew. This lets you reward often without overfeeding.
- Stronger Chew Treats for Larger Dogs
Dogs that enjoy a more robust chewing experience will benefit from stronger chew treats. Some larger dogs may still go through them quickly, while others will take more time—so it often depends on the individual dog.
👉 My Tip: Check Ingredient Labels
I always recommend checking the ingredient label when choosing treats at the store. Dogs don’t need added sugar or artificial ingredients, and some treats can upset their stomach or cause diarrhea. Look for all-natural ingredient labels, and single ingredient or few ingredient labels are preferred.
It’s important to note that even among the same breed, some dogs enjoy chewing more than others, and many have preferences for certain types of chews. If you notice bleeding gums during chewing, it’s a good idea to have your dog examined by a veterinarian to rule out any dental issues.
🧠 4. Enrichment Toys for Mental Stimulation
Japanese Spitz are active, so giving them something to do is important.
An enrichment toy can help:
- Prevent boredom
- Reduce unwanted behaviors
- Keep their mind engaged
When choosing an enrichment toy, think about your dog’s personality and needs. Some dogs love puzzle toys and mental challenges, while others are happier with something they can chew or carry around.
🐕 5. Safe, Comfortable Harness, Collar & Leash
From my experience, choosing the right walking gear can make a big difference in both safety and control. Some harnesses and collars are designed to help prevent dogs from slipping out, which is especially important for strong or easily startled dogs, and those are the types I personally recommend for safety.
Harness: A quality, comfortable properly fitted harness can make walks more comfortable and easier to manage—especially for dogs that tend to pull or get excited outdoors. If you have a dog that tries to wiggle out of their harness, search for an “escape proof” harness that has an extra strap towards the back.
Collar: I use and prefer safety martingale collars, as they can help prevent dogs from backing out of their collar while still being more gentle than traditional collars when used correctly.
Leash: Choose a lightweight leash for small dogs and a sturdier, heavier leash for larger dogs to ensure good control. Nylon leashes are strong and long-lasting. Some leashes also include a comfortable padded handle.
👉 My Tip: Avoid Retractable Leashes
I don’t recommend retractable leashes, as they can break and tangle easily and create safety issues and tripping hazards.
💡 Lisa’s Tip:
You don’t need a lot of products to care for a dog well… just the right ones. Focus on comfort, consistency, and routine, and you’ll make life easier for both you and your dog.
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